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The MikeOS BASIC App Developer HandbookFor version 4.7, 9 April 2022 - (C) MikeOS DevelopersThis documentation file explains how to write software for MikeOS using the BASIC interpreter built into the operating system. If you have any questions, see the MikeOS website for contact details and mailing list information. Click the links on the left to navigate around this guide. OverviewFeaturesThe MikeOS BASIC interpreter runs a simple dialect of the BASIC programming language. There are commands for taking input, handling the screen, performing nested loops, loading/saving files, and so forth. You will find a full list of the included instructions later in this document. Here are the essentials you need to know.
GOSUB calls can be nested up to ten times. FOR loops can be nested using different variables (eg you can have a FOR X = 1 TO 10 ... NEXT X loop surrounding a FOR Y = 30 TO 50 loop). You can enter code in uppercase or lowercase -- the interpreter doesn't mind either way. However, labels are case-sensitive. If a MikeOS BASIC program is run from the command line, and one or more parameters was provided with the command, they are copied into the $1 string when the program starts. ExampleHere's a small example program demonstrating various common features: rem *** MikeOS BASIC example program *** alert "Welcome to the example!" cls print "Let's skip the next 'print' line..." goto jump print "This line will never be printed :-(" jump: print "Righto, now enter a number:" input x if x > 10 then print "X is bigger than 10! Wow!" if x < 10 then print "X is quite small actually." if x = 10 then gosub equalsroutine a = 7 b = a / 2 print "Variable A is seven here. Divided by two you get:" print b print "And the remainder of that is:" b = a % 2 print b print "A quick loop here..." for c = 1 to 10 print c next c print "Righto, that's the end! Bye!" end equalsroutine: print "Awesome, a perfect 10! Give me your name so I can high-five you!" input $1 print "Top work, " ; print $1 return This example should be mostly self-explanatory. You can see that the subroutine is indented with spaces, but that's not necessary if you don't want it. You can follow IF ... THEN with any other instruction. Regarding this part: print "Top work, " ; print $1 The space and semi-colon character (;) after the quoted string tells the interpreter not to print a newline after the string. So here, we print the user's name on the same line. You can do this with numerical variables as well, eg PRINT X ; etc. See the Samples section at the end for more demonstration programs. AssignmentThe following are valid ways to assign numeric variables in MikeOS BASIC: a = 10 a = b a = b + 10 a = b + c a = b - 10 a = b - c a = b * 10 a = b * c a = b / 10 a = b / c a = b % 10 a = b % c So you can use combinations of numbers and variables. Note that you can perform multiple operations in the same line: a = b + c * 2 / 3 But note that there is no operator precedence; the calculation is simply worked out one step at a time from left to right. For string variables: $1 = "Hello" $2 = $1 You can get the location of a string variable to use as an array: x = & $3 You can get variables from the user with INPUT like this: input x input $1 MemoryMikeOS and its programs exist in a single 64KiB memory segment. The first 32KiB is occupied by the kernel and disk cache. Your BASIC program may be loaded at the start of the second 32KiB, ie 32768, if it is run directly from the program menu or CLI. However, if it is run from a standalone program such as the EDIT.BIN editor, its starting point will be elsewhere. Use PROGSTART and RAMSTART to find out what memory you can use: x = PROGSTART This assigns to the X variable the location at which the BASIC program was loaded. In other words, this is where the execution of the BASIC program by the interpreter starts. We also have: x = RAMSTART This is one byte on from the end of the BASIC code. Therefore this is empty memory which you can use, up until the 65536 mark. You can LOAD and SAVE files in here, PEEK and POKE around, and do what you want without it impacting the operating system or BASIC program. To retrieve the location in RAM where the MikeOS BASIC variables are stored, use this: x = VARIABLES KeywordsYou can do this to get the MikeOS API version number: x = VERSION Or you can retrieve the lower word of the system clock like this: x = TIMER To get the current ink colour, use: x = INK The editorYou can run your .BAS programs by selecting them from the program menu or typing them into the command line interface -- eg entering example will run EXAMPLE.BAS. Use the MikeOS file manager, FILEMAN.BIN, to make backup copies of your work and delete old files. MikeOS includes a text editor, EDIT.BIN Which you can use to edit your BASIC programs. It lets you run your code straight from inside the editor by pressing the F8 key. Note that if your program has an infinite loop or major bug, it may hang execution -- so it's worth hitting F2 before running your code to save it to the disk. Hit F5 to delete whole lines quickly, and Esc to exit (you'll see a reminder of these keybindings in the bottom bar of the editor). The MikeOS text editor only handles Unix-style text files, and curently does not support horizontal scrolling of lines, so keep them less than 80 characters! You can use the Delete and Backspace keys to erase characters, but note that only Delete can be used to remove newlines. InstructionsALERTShow a dialog box on the screen with a string, and an OK button triggered by the Enter key. Example: alert "File saved correctly." $1 = "Welcome to my program" alert $1 ASKFILEShow a dialog box on the screen with a string with a list of files on the disk, and store the selected file in the specified variable. Example: askfile $1 BREAKHalts execution of the BASIC program and prints the line number in the BASIC file. Useful for debugging. CALLMoves machine code execution to the specified point in RAM (using the x86 call instruction). The code must be terminated with a ret (C3 hex, 195 decimal) instruction. In this example, we simply add a ret instruction into RAM location 40000 and call it, which returns control straight back to the BASIC interpreter: poke 195 40000 call 40000 CASEChanges the contents of a string to all upper-case or lower-case. case lower $1 case upper $2 CLSClears the screen and returns the cursor to the top-left corner of the screen. Example: cls CURSORDetermines whether to show the text cursor or not. Example: cursor off print "The cursor is off for five seconds!" pause 50 cursor on print "And now it's back on." CURSCHARStores the character underneath the cursor location into the specified variable. Example: move 0 0 print "Hello world" move 0 0 curschar x rem *** The next command will print 'H' *** print chr x move 1 0 curschar x rem *** The next command will print 'e' *** print chr x CURSCOLGet the colour of the character under the cursor. Example: move 20 15 curscol x CURSPOSGet the position of the cursor. Example: rem *** First is column, then row *** curspos a b DELETERemoves a file from the disk. Returns 0 in the R variable if the operation was a success, 1 if the delete operation couldn't be completed, or 2 if the file doesn't exist. Example: delete "myfile.txt" DOPerform a loop until a condition is met (UNTIL or WHILE). You can also set up an infinite loop with LOOP ENDLESS at the end. Example: do rem *** Code goes here *** loop until x = 10 ELSEExecutes code if the previous IF condition didn't match. Example: x = 1 if x = 1 then print "Hello" else print "Goodbye" ENDTerminates execution of the BASIC program and hands control back to the operating system. FILESPrints a list of files that are on the disk on the screen. FORBegins a loop, counting upwards using a variable. The loop must be finished with a NEXT instruction and the relevant variable. Example: for x = 1 to 10 print "In a loop! X is " ; print x next x GETKEYChecks the keyboard buffer for a key, and if one has been pressed, places it into the specified variable. loop: print "Infinite loop until m or Esc is pressed..." ; getkey x if x = 'm' then goto done goto loop done: print "Finished loop!" GOSUBTakes a label. It executes a subroutine, which must be finished with a RETURN instruction. You can nest GOSUB routines up to 10 times. Example: print "About to go into a subroutine..." gosub mylabel print "Subroutine done!" end mylabel: print "Inside a GOSUB here!" return GOTOTakes a label, and jumps to that label in the code. Example: print "Going to miss the next 'PRINT' line of code..." goto skippy print "This'll never be printed." skippy: print "And now we're back home" IFExecutes a command depending on a condition (or multiple conditions with AND). After stating the condition (eg whether one number is bigger than another, or whether two strings match) you must use THEN and follow with another instruction. Examples: if x = 10 then print "X is 10! Woohoo" if x = y then print "X is the same as Y" if x = 'm' then print "X contains the letter m" if x < y then print "Now X is less than Y" if x > y then goto xbiggerthany if $1 = "quit" then end if $1 = $2 then gosub stringsmatch INCLUDEAppends another BASIC file onto the end of the current one, so that you can call routines in it. RAMSTART is updated accordingly. Example: include "mbpp.bas" INKChanges the colour of printed text, using a number or variable. Example: ink 2 print "This text is green" INPUTGets input from the user and stores the result into a numeric or string variable. Examples: input x input $1 LENStores the length of a string variable in a numeric variable. Example: $1 = "Hello world" len $1 x LISTBOXDisplays an dialog box containing a list of options, specified by a comma-separated list in the first string. The second and third strings provide help text, and the chosen option (from 1) is stored in the specified variable (or zero if the Esc key is pressed). Example: cls $1 = "Hex dumper,MikeTron" $2 = "Choose a program to run," $3 = "Or press Esc to exit" listbox $1 $2 $3 a if a = 1 then goto runhex if a = 2 then goto runmiketron rem *** The following will be executed if Esc was pressed *** end LOADLoads the specified file into RAM at the specified point. The first argument is the filename, and the second the location into which it should be loaded. If the file cannot be found or loaded, the R variable contains 1 after the instruction; otherwise it contains 0 and the S variable contains the file size. Examples: load "example.txt" 40000 if r = 1 then goto fail print "File size is:" print s end fail: print "File couldn't be loaded" end $1 = "example.txt" x = 40000 load $1 x if r = 1 then goto fail print "File size is:" print s end fail: print "File couldn't be loaded" end MOVEMoves the cursor position on the screen. Examples: move 20 15 x = 20 y = 15 move x y NEXTContinues the FOR loop specified previously, and must be followed by a variable. See FOR above. Example: next x NUMBERConverts strings to numbers and vice versa. Examples: number $1 a number a $1 PAUSEDelays execution of the program by the specified 10ths of a second. This ultimately results in a BIOS call and may be slower or faster in some PC emulators. Try it on real hardware to be sure. Example: print "Now let's wait for three seconds..." pause 30 print "Hey, and one more, this time with a variable..." x = 10 pause x PAGESwitch between working and active (display) pages. Example: page 1 0 PEEKRetrieve the byte stored in the specifed location in RAM. Examples: peek a 40000 print "The number stored in memory location 40000 is..." print a x = 32768 peek a x Note: you can use PEEKINT to work with words instead of bytes (up to 65536). POKEInsert the byte (0 to 255) value into the specified location in RAM. Example: print "Putting the number 126 into location 40000 in memory..." poke 126 40000 print "Now doing the same, but using variables..." x = 126 y = 40000 poke x y Note: you can use POKEINT to work with words instead of bytes (up to 65536). PORTSends and receives bytes from the specified port. Examples: x = 1 port out 1234 x port out 1234 15 port in 1234 x Displays text or the contents of a variable onto the screen. This will also move the cursor onto a new line after printing, unless the command is followed by a space and semi-colon. Example: print "Hello, world!" $1 = "Some text" print $1 x = 123 print x $2 = "Mike" print "No newlines here, " ; print $2 Note that for numerical variables, the PRINT command also supports two extra keywords: x = 109 print x print chr x print hex x In the first print command, the output is 109. In the second, the output is the ASCII character for 109 -- that is, 'm'. And in the third command, it shows the hexadecimal equivalent of 109. RANDGenerate a random integer number between two values (inclusive) and store it in a variable. Example: rem *** Make X a random number between 50 and 2000 *** rand x 50 2000 READRead data bytes from a label, first specifying the offset and a variable into which to read. For instance, in the following example we read a small program and poke it into memory locations 50000 to 50012. We then call that location to run the program: y = 1 for x = 50000 to 50012 read mydata y a poke a x y = y + 1 next x call 50000 waitkey x end mydata: 190 87 195 232 173 60 195 89 111 33 13 10 0 REMA remark -- ie a comment that the BASIC interpreter ignores. Example: rem *** This routine calculates the cuteness of kittens *** RENAMERenames one file to another. Literal strings and string variables are allowed. Afterwards, R contains 0 if the operation was a success, 1 if the file was not found, 2 if the write operation failed, or 3 if the target file already exists. Example: $1 = "myfile.dat" rename "oldfile.txt" $1 RETURNSwitches execution back to the position of the prior GOSUB statement. See GOSUB above for more information. Example: return SAVESaves data from memory to a file on the disk. The first parameter is the filename, the second the location in RAM where the data starts, and the third the number (in bytes) the amount of data to save. After execution, the R variable contains 1 if the file save operation failed (eg if it's a write-only medium), 2 if the file already exists, or 0 if it was successful. Examples: save "myfile.txt" 40000 256 $1 = "myfile.txt" x = 40000 y = 256 save $1 x y SERIALTurns on serial port 1, sends a byte, or receives a byte depending on the following command. There are two modes: 1200 baud and 9600 baud. Examples: print "Enabling the serial port at 1200 baud..." serial on 1200 print "Enabling the serial port at 9600 baud..." serial on 9600 print "Sending the number 20 to the serial port, then 50..." x = 20 serial send x serial send 50 print "Receiving a byte from the serial port..." serial rec x SIZEStores the size of the specified file in the S variable and sets R to 0, or sets R to 1 if the file doesn't exist. Example: size "kernel.bin" print s SOUNDGenerate a note from the PC speaker at the specified frequency, for the specified length of time in 10ths of a second. Example: print "Playing a low-middle-ish C for two seconds..." sound 4000 20 Note: some quick frequencies. 4000 = C. 3600 = D. 3200 = E. 3000 = F. 2700 = G. 2400 = A. 2100 = B. STRINGGet or set bytes in a string variable, specified by an offset. Examples: $1 = "Hello world" rem *** 121 = ASCII for "y" character *** b = 121 string set $1 5 b rem *** Now $1 contains "Helly world" *** print $1 WAITKEYPauses program execution, awaiting a keypress, and stores the key in the specified variable. Note some special values: 1 for the Up cursor key; 2 for Down; 3 for Left; 4 for Right; 13 for Enter; 27 for Esc. waitkey x if x = 'm' then print "m was pressed" if x = 4 then print "You hit the Right cursor key" SamplesHex dumperAsks for a filename, loads the file data into the start of empty RAM, then loops over it, printing the value of each byte in hexadecimal format. Note that the S variable is filled with the file size after the LOAD instruction, so we use it as a counter (counting down) to find out when we've finished the file. rem *** Hex dumper *** print "Enter a filename:" input $1 x = RAMSTART load $1 x if r = 1 then goto error loop: peek a x print hex a ; print " " ; x = x + 1 s = s - 1 if s = 0 then goto finish goto loop finish: print "" end error: print "Could not load file!" end MikeTronA one-player version of the classic Tron game -- see the game help text below... rem *** MikeTron *** cls print "You control a vehicle leaving a trail behind it." print "" print "It is always moving, and if it crosses any part" print "of the trail or border (+ characters), the game" print "is over. Use the Q and A keys to change the direction" print "to up and down, and O and P for left and right." print "See how long you can survive! Score at the end." print "" print "NOTE: May run at incorrect speed in emulators!" print "" print "Hit a key to begin..." waitkey x cls cursor off rem *** Draw border around screen *** gosub setupscreen rem *** Start in the middle of the screen *** x = 40 y = 12 move x y rem *** Movement directions: 1 - 4 = up, down, left, right *** rem *** We start the game moving right *** d = 4 rem *** S = score variable *** s = 0 mainloop: print "+" ; pause 1 getkey k if k = 'q' then d = 1 if k = 'a' then d = 2 if k = 'o' then d = 3 if k = 'p' then d = 4 if d = 1 then y = y - 1 if d = 2 then y = y + 1 if d = 3 then x = x - 1 if d = 4 then x = x + 1 move x y curschar c if c = '+' then goto finish s = s + 1 goto mainloop finish: cursor on cls print "Your score was: " ; print s print "Press Esc to finish" escloop: waitkey x if x = 27 then end goto escloop setupscreen: move 0 0 for x = 0 to 78 print "+" ; next x move 0 24 for x = 0 to 78 print "+" ; next x move 0 0 for y = 0 to 24 move 0 y print "+" ; next y move 78 0 for y = 0 to 24 move 78 y print "+" ; next y return File uppercaserAsks for a filename, loads the file data, converts all the lowercase characters to uppercase, asks for a new filename, and saves the changed data to that new file. Note that the S variable is filled with the file size after the LOAD instruction; we save that until the SAVE operation later so that we save the correct number of bytes. However, we make a copy of it into the C variable to use as a counter as we move through the file. rem *** Text file uppercaser *** print "Enter a filename:" input $1 x = RAMSTART load $1 x if r = 1 then goto error c = s loop: peek a x if a < 97 then goto skip if a > 122 then goto skip a = a - 32 poke a x skip: x = x + 1 c = c - 1 if c = 0 then goto finish goto loop finish: print "Enter filename to save to:" input $2 x = RAMSTART save $2 x s if r = 1 then goto error print "File uppercased and saved!" end error: print "File error!" end ExtraHelpIf you have any questions about MikeOS, or you're developing a similar OS and want to share code and ideas, go to the MikeOS website and join the mailing list as described. LicenseMikeOS is open source and released under a BSD-like license (see doc/LICENSE.TXT in the MikeOS .zip file). Essentially, it means you can do anything you like with the code, including basing your own project on it, providing you retain the license file and give credit to the MikeOS developers for their work. |